tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-89459154493238121752024-03-04T23:12:48.240-08:00CHEMISTRY (Chem is Try, try to get a better live)Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04488749766949198349noreply@blogger.comBlogger2125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8945915449323812175.post-90023601164393892802012-10-08T05:24:00.000-07:002012-10-08T05:24:05.562-07:00Laporan "Ikatan Kimia"<br />
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Judul</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> :
Ikatan Kimia<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hari/Tanggal
Percobaan :</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">21
November 2011 jam 10.00<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Selesai
Percobaan</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> :21
November 2011 jam 13.00<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tujuan
Percobaan</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> :-
membandingkan ikatan kovalen dengan iklatan ionic<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> -mengamati
perubahan kimia unsur klor dalam suatu senyawa,dari
yang berikatan kovalen menjadi ionik<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tinjauan
Pustaka<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bila
dua atom atau lebih saling berdekatan, maka elektron-elektonya akan
berinteraksi dan membentuk susunan elektron baru diseputar inti, maka
terjadilah ikatan kimia. Ikatan kimia ditentukan oleh elektron pada kulit
terluar dari suatu atom. Macam-macam ikatan kimia:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ikatan
ion(elektrovalen)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="SL" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SL;">Beberapa sifat senyawa ion yang penting adalah sebagai
berikut: larutan atau leburannya dapat menghantarkan arus listrik, mempunyai
titik leleh dan titik didih yang tinggi, sangat keras dan getas, pada umumnya
larut dalam pelarut polar dan tidak larut dalam pelarut non polar (Baroroh,
2004).</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ikatan ionik
terbentuk karena terjadinya perpindahan atau transfer elektron dari suatu atom
ke atom yang lain, sehingga terbentuk ion positif (karena kehilangan
elektron)dan dari ion negatif (karena elektronya bertambah). Ikatan ini terjadi
terutama antara unsur-unsur dengan potensial ionisasi rendah dengan unsur yang
berafinifitas elekton tinggi. Contohnya:NaCl<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Na memiliki
potensial ionisasi dan bereletronegativitas rendah, sedangkan Cl memiliki
afinitas elektron tinggi dan bereletronegavitas tinggi. Di dalam larutan
ion-ion tersebut dapat diikat oleh ion lain yang muatanya berlawanan, sehingga
membentuk senyawa baru yang mudah dikenali, misal melalui pembentukan endapan.
Contoh :bila pada larutan NaCl ditambahkan larutan AgNO<sub>3</sub> akan
terjadi pertukaran ion membentuk AgCl.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shapetype
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<v:stroke endarrow="block"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 12px; left: 0px; margin-left: 318px; margin-top: 4px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 51px; z-index: 1;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/Feny/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1026" width="51" /></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">NaCl + AgNO<sub>3</sub> NaNO<sub>3</sub> + AgCl<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Senyawa-senyawa
yang tergolong berikatan ion mempunyai sifat antara lain dapat menghantar
listrik dan relatif mudah larut dalam air.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ikatan
kovalen<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ikatan kovalen
tebentuk karena terjadinya pemakaian bersama (sharing) pasangan elektron
valensi antara dua atom atau lebih. Ikatan ini biasanya terjadi antara
atom-atom yang memiliki perbedaan elektronegativitas yang rendah dan
atom-atomnya sukar diganti oleh atom lain. Contohnya bila CCl<sub>4</sub>direaksikan
dengan AgNO<sub>3</sub> tidak akan menghasilkan senyawa lain.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">CCl<sub>4</sub>+AgNO<sub>3 </sub></span><sub><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shapetype
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<v:stroke joinstyle="miter"/>
<v:formulas>
<v:f eqn="if lineDrawn pixelLineWidth 0"/>
<v:f eqn="sum @0 1 0"/>
<v:f eqn="sum 0 0 @1"/>
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<v:f eqn="sum @0 0 1"/>
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<v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelHeight"/>
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<o:lock v:ext="edit" aspectratio="t"/>
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style='width:15pt;height:6.75pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\Feny\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image002.emz"
o:title=""/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="9" src="file:///C:/Users/Feny/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image003.gif" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_3" width="20" /><!--[endif]--></span></sub><sub><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></sub></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ikatan kovalen
antarasuatu atom dengan atom lain dapat diubah menjadi ikatan ion dengan cara
mengganti salah satu atom. Misal atom Cl dalam CCl<sub>4 </sub> yang berikatan kovalen dengan atom C dapat
diubah menjadi ikatan ion denggan mengganti atom C dengan atom Ca. Yang
persamaan reaksinya :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_s1027" type="#_x0000_t32" style='position:absolute;left:0;
text-align:left;margin-left:239pt;margin-top:8.5pt;width:36.3pt;height:0;
z-index:2' o:connectortype="straight">
<v:stroke endarrow="block"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 12px; left: 0px; margin-left: 318px; margin-top: 5px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 51px; z-index: 2;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/Feny/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1027" width="51" /></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">CaCl<sub>2(aq)</sub>
+ 2 AgNO<sub>3(aq)</sub>
2 AgCl<sub>(s) </sub>+ Ca(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2(aq)</sub><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Senyawa-senyawa
yang berikatan kovalen mempunyai sifat umumnya sukar larut dalam air, tetapi
larut dalam pelarut organik.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="SL">Sifat-sifat senyawa kovalen antara lain kebanyakan
menunjukkan titik leleh rendah, pada suhu kamar berbentuk cairan atau gas,
larut dalam pelarut non polar dan sedikit larut dalam air, sedikit
menghantarkan listrik, mudah terbakar dan banyak yang berbau (Syukri, 1999).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Alat dan Bahan :</span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Larutan NaCl</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">CCl4</span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">HNO3 pekat</span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Asam Oksalat</span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">AgNO3</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">CaO</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Gula Pasir</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04488749766949198349noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8945915449323812175.post-63741088897827573652012-10-08T05:21:00.002-07:002012-10-08T05:21:25.781-07:00Percobaan "Reaksi-Reaksi Kimia"<br />
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 26.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Reaksi-Reaksi Kimia<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hari/Tanggal Percobaan</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif";"> : </span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif";">Dilaksanakan pada tanggal 24 Oktober 2011 pada jam
13.00 WIB<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Selesai Percobaan</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif";"> :
Selesai pada pukul 15.00 WIB<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tujuan Percobaan</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif";"> :
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-hyphenate: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Untuk
memahami berbagai reaksi kimia berdasarkan perubahan yang terjadi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-hyphenate: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Untuk mengetahui
karakteristik tiap tipe reaksi kimia.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-hyphenate: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Untuk
menentukan stoikiometri reaksi kimia berdasarkan sifat fisik yang teramati<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">pada reaksi kimia.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kajian Teori</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif";"> :<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif";"> Reaksi
Kimia adalah suatu proses alam yang selalu menghasilkan perubahan senyawa
kimia. Reaksi kimia di karakterisasikan dengan perubahan kimiawi dan akan
menghasilkan satu atau lebih produk yang biasanya memiliki ciri-ciri yang
berbeda dari reaktan. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif";">Suatu reaksi kimia dapat dikenali karena adanya
perubahan yang timbul selama proses reaksi berlangsung. Perubahan tersebut
dapat berupa:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif";">1. Adanya perubahan suhu<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif";">2. Adanya perubahan warna<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif";">3. Timbulnya gas<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif";">4. Timbulnya endapan</span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> Asam
basa menurut Suante August Arrhenius. Asam adalah senyawa yang dapat memberikan
ion hydrogen ( H<sup>+</sup>) bila dilarutkan dalam air. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Sifat-sifat asam, meliputi: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 57.3pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Korosif, dapat merusak logam dan marmer.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 57.3pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Mempunyai rasa asam.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 57.3pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Dapat memerahkan kertas lakmus biru.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 57.3pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Dapat menetralkan larutan basa.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 57.3pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Dapat berupa zat padat, cairan. Dan gas.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Basa adalah
senyawa yang jika dilarutkan kedalam air akan menghasilkan ion hidroksida
(OH-). Dalam air murni terdapat ion H+ dan ion OH- dalam konsentrasi yang sama
yang sangat kecil. Jika konsentrasi H+ lebih tinggi dari knsentrasi OH- maka
larutan itu bersifat asam. Begitu pula sebaliknya Jika konsentrasi OH- lebih
tinggi dari konsentrasi H+, larutan bersifat basa. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Sifat-sifat basa, meliputi :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 57.3pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Bersifat kaustik, dapat merusak kulit.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 57.3pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Memiliki rasa pahit dan licin.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 57.3pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Membirukan kertas lakmus merah.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 57.3pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Dapat menetralkan larutan asam.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Rentang pH indikator<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Indikator tidak
berubah warna dengan sangat mencolok pada satu pH tertentu (diberikan oleh
harga pKind-nya). Mereka mengubah sedikit rentang pH. Dengan mengasumsikan
kesetimbangan benar-benar mengarah pada salah satu sisi, Terjadi perubahan
kecil yang berangsur-angsur dari satu warna menjadi warna yang lain, menempati
rentang pH. Secara kasar "aturan ibu jari", perubahan yang tampak
menempati sekitar 1 unit pH pada tiap sisi harga pKind.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Perubahan warna
lakmus terjadi tidak selalu pada rentang pH yang besar, tetapi lakmus berguna
untuk mendeteksi asam dan basa pada lab karena perubahan warnanya sekitar 7.
Jingga metil atau fenolftalein sedikit kurang berguna. Berikut ini dapat
dilihat dengan lebih mudah dalam bentuk diagram. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 21.3pt;">
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id="_x0000_t75" coordsize="21600,21600" o:spt="75" o:preferrelative="t"
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alt="Description: https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgvPqdA44VCzEB6TC3EADVkKZJKVh_0neOVeRUQOkXObFYRyIj-QF6YQWaQbYy_HP8IkeUGnFH4FoQAseyyjXVkTzksEFCX3SWpM_b0b-JYwvEKu13eFFT3MJy7xdtRkOUbrYQ3gWNiEv8v/s1600/6.jpg"
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</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 21.3pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> Larutan asam
: H+ > 10 -7 M atau PH< 7;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Larutan
netral : H+ = 10 -7 M atau PH =7;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Larutan
basa : OH - >H+ atau H+ <10 -7 M atau PH> 7 .</span><b style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif";">Rancangan
Percobaan :<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b>1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></b><!--[endif]--><b>Alat dan Bahan<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif";">Alat :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]-->Tabung
reaksi<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 35.45pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]-->Gelas
kimia 100 mL<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 35.45pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]-->Rak
tabung reaksi<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 35.45pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]-->Pipa
pengalir bersumbat<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 35.45pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]-->Pipet
tetes<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 35.45pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]-->Gelas
ukur 25 mL<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif";">Bahan :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: AR-SA;"><br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: auto;" />
</span>
<div class="WordSection2">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]-->HCl
0,05 M / 0,5 M<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]-->CH<sub>3</sub>COOH
0,05 M<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]-->NaOH
0,05 M / 0,5 M<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]-->ZnSO<sub>4
</sub>0,1 M<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]-->NH<sub>4</sub>OH
0,5 M<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]-->BaCl<sub>2</sub><sup>
</sup>0,1 M<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]-->Ba(OH)<sub>2
</sub>0,2 M<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]-->K<sub>2</sub>CrO<sub>4
</sub>0,1 M<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]-->K<sub>2</sub>Cr<sub>2</sub>O<sub>7
</sub>0,1 M<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]-->(NH<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4
</sub>0,5 M<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]-->H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4 </sub>pekat<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]-->C<sub>12</sub>H<sub>22</sub>O<sub>11</sub><o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]-->CaCO<sub>3
</sub> serbuk<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]-->Indicator
universal<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]-->Malam
(plastisin)<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]-->Kertas
lakmus merah<o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: AR-SA;"><br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: auto;" />
</span>
<div class="WordSection3">
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<br /></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b>2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></b><!--[endif]--><b>Langkah-Langkah Percobaan<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->1)<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->a. Ke dalam tabung reaksi dimasukkan :<o:p></o:p></div>
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Tabung
I, 1 mL HCl 0,05 M dan 1 tetes indicator<o:p></o:p></div>
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Tabung
II, 1 mL CH3COOH 0,05 M dan 1 tetes indicator<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;">
Diamati dan dicatat perubahannya<o:p></o:p></div>
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b. Ke dalam tabung reaksi dimasukkan :<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;">
Tabung III dan IV, 1 mL NaOH 0,05 M dan 1 tetes indicator<o:p></o:p></div>
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Diamati dan dicatat perubahannya<o:p></o:p></div>
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c. Dicampurkan :<o:p></o:p></div>
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Tabung I dan tabung III<o:p></o:p></div>
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Tabung II dan tabung IV<o:p></o:p></div>
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Diamati dan ditulis persamaan reaksinya<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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2) a. Ke dalam tabung reaksi A
dimasukkan 1 mL ZnSO4 0,1 M kemudian
ditambahkan 5 tetes NaOH 0,5 M dan
tambahkan terus sampai terjadi perubahan<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
b. Ke dalam tabung reaksi B
dimasukkan 1 mL ZnSO4 0,1 M
kemudian ditambahkan 5 tetes NH4OH
0,5 M dan tambahkan terus sampai terjadi perubahan<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;">
c. Dibandingkan hasil percobaan 2a dan 2b<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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3) a. Ke dalam tabung reaksi V dimasukkan 3 mL (NH4)2SO4 0,5 M
kemudian ditambahkan 2 mL NaOH 0,5 M , segera ditutup tabung dengan sumbat
berpipa pengalir dan ujung pipa dikenakan pada kertas lakmus merah yang telah
dibasahi air. Amati perubahannya dan ditulis persamaan reaksinya.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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b. Ke dalam tabung reaksi VI
dimasukkan serbuk 0,2 gram CaCO3 kemudian ditambahkan 3 mL HCl 0,5 M , segera
ditutup tabung dengan sumbat berpipa pengalir dan ujung pipa dimasukkan ke
dalam tabung yang telah diisi larutan Ba(OH)2 0,2 M. Amati perubahannya dan
ditulis persamaan reaksinya<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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4) a. Ke dalam tabung reaksi
VII dimasukkan 1 mL BaCl2 0,1 M lalu ditambahkan 1 mL K2CrO4 0,1 M<o:p></o:p></div>
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b. Ke dalam tabung reaksi VIII dimasukkan 1 mL BaCl2 0,1 M kemudian
ditambahkan 1 mL K2Cr2O7 0,1 M<o:p></o:p></div>
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c. Ke dalam tabung reaksi IX dimasukkan 1 mL BaCl2 0,1 M kemudian
ditambahkan 1 mL HCl 0,5 M dan 1 mL K2CrO4 0,1 M<o:p></o:p></div>
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d. Dibandingkan hasil percobaan 4a, 4b, dan 4c. Amati perubahannya dan
ditulis persamaan reaksinya.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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5) Ke dalam tabung reaksi X
dimasukkan gula sebanyak sepertiga tabung, lalu ditetesi dengan air dan diaduk
merata. Kemudian ditambahkan 1 mL H2SO4
pekat dan diaduk kembali. Biarkan beberapa menit dan diamati perubahan
yang terjadi.<o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: AR-SA;"><br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" /></span>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04488749766949198349noreply@blogger.com0